Reproductive Health Disorders Research Articles

Genetic factors of reproductive disorders in female

Successful reproduction in mammals requires gamete development, fertilization, and early embryonic development. Defects in any of these processes can lead to infertility, recurrent miscarriages, and congenital defects. The clinical recognition of the genetic causes of female reproductive insufficiency using increasingly advanced genetic technologies poses a serious challenge for reproductive medicine in the 21 st century. Herein, current literature on genetic factors involved in reproductive losses was summarized. A literature search was conducted using Web of Science, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases for articles written in English on the genetic causes of women’s reproductive health disorders. Future implementation of whole-exome and -genome sequencing is expected to identify numerous genetic factors responsible for oocyte quality. Which will aid in increasing the likelihood of successful female reproductive function, improve the outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies, optimize treatment, and facilitate genetic diagnosis of patients.

Research advances of polycomb group proteins in regulating mammalian development.

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are a subset of epigenetic factors that are highly conserved throughout evolution. In mammals, PcG proteins can be classified into two muti-proteins complexes: Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and PRC2. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that PcG complexes play critical roles in the regulation of gene expression, genomic imprinting, chromosome X-inactivation, and chromatin structure. Accordingly, the dysfunction of PcG proteins is tightly orchestrated with abnormal developmental processes. Here, we summarized and discussed the current knowledge of the biochemical and molecular functions of PcG complexes, especially the PRC1 and PRC2 in mammalian development including embryonic development and tissue development, which will shed further light on the deep understanding of the basic knowledge of PcGs and their functions for reproductive health and developmental disorders.

Risk factors for reproductive health disorders after operative delivery

Risk factors for reproductive health disorders after operative delivery

Ayurvedic Management of Unexplained Secondary Infertility – a Case Study

Introduction: Secondary infertility indicates previous pregnancy but failure to conceive subsequently. Incidences of secondary infertility are increasing day by day. Many factors like age, hectic schedule, stress, diet, unhealthy lifestyle are responsible for it. Psychological stress disturbs overall health of women by inducing generation of reactive oxygen species and thereby oxidative stress. This oxidative stress may hamper the health of ovaries, oocyte quality and causes female reproductive health disorders. Aim: To study the effect of Ayurvedic treatment in management of unexplained secondary infertility. Objective: To assess the effect of Ayurvedic management of unexplained secondary infertility. Methodology: Single case study of unexplained secondary infertility. Case description: A 37 years old female patient came in ITRA OPD of Streeroga and Prasutitantra, trying to conceive since 1.5 years. She had a history of 2 MTPs and 1 female child of 10 year. Her last MTP was done in 2020. After that she was actively trying to conceive around last 1.5 years but couldn’t conceive again inspite of regular unprotected coitus. Treatment: She was treated with Ayurvedic oral medications along with Panchakarma. Result: After four months of treatment she conceived and followed Garbhini Paricharya. Conclusion: Ayurvedic management can act as an anti-stress and antioxidant agent thereby improving the reproductive health of women and increasing their chances of conception.

THE INFLUENCE OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH DISORDERS ON THE LIFE QUALITY OF MEN

The purpose of the publication is to conduct a medical and sociological study of changes in the quality of life components of men diagnosed with reproductive health disorders.
 Materials and Methods. The publication is based on the results of a medical and sociological study conducted among 810 men. The universal and standardized Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 questionnaire was used to study changes in quality of life components. The results obtained reliably reflect the impact of the disease on changes in the components of quality of life.
 Results. Final calculations of the main components of life quality of men have found significant differences in the values of the "Psychological component of health" scales between the main group, which had a value of 12628.0 conventional units, and the control group, which had a value of 17542.0 conventional units. The control group had a higher value, which was 38.9% higher than the main group. Only 4.4% of differences were found in the components of "Physical Health" between the main (9747.4 conventional units) and control (10178.5 conventional units) groups. After calculating the data, it was discovered that there was a difference of 23.9% between the experimental group (22375.4 conventional units) and the control group (27720.5 conventional units).
 Discussion. Based on the abovementioned information, it is reasonable to conclude that men who experience reproductive health disorders frequently face negative impacts on their life quality, particularly on their psychological well-being. It can result in emotional disorders and a decrease in energy levels, leading to fatigue and exhaustion. The scientific evidence suggests few similar studies dedicated to gender-specific changes in the life quality of men with reproductive disorders. The obtained results on changes in the main components of the quality of life under the influence of reproductive health disorders become a valuable informational basis for the development of preventive measures against these disorders.
 Conclusions. According to the results of a medical and sociological study, changes in the components of life quality of men were identified in individuals diagnosed with reproductive health disorders. The study confirmed that the disorders negatively affect physical (4.4%) and psychological (38.9%) components of life quality. The overall calculations confirm the ability of reproductive health disorders to reduce the life quality of men by almost a quarter (23.9%).

Risk Factors and Clinical Patterns of Infertility in Couples: A Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study in Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Infertility is ranked as the fifth-leading cause of disability in the world's population under 60 years old, according to the World Health Organization, affecting an estimated 80 million people worldwide. This reproductive health disorder can be caused by various factors, including structural, biological, and congenital issues, as well as acquired and environmental variables. To investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors of infertility, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in district Kohat, Pakistan, from January to May 2021. A total of 120 infertile couples were recruited from the outpatient center at Liaquat Memorial Hospital, and their medical files were reviewed, followed by face-to-face interviews with both partners of each couple. Of the participants, 47.5% were suffering from primary infertility, while 52.5% were affected by secondary infertility. Female infertility was the most common form of infertility, affecting 49.16% of couples, followed by male infertility (15.83%), couples with both partners facing infertility issues (8.33%), and unspecified infertility (26.66%). The most frequent causes of male and female infertility were erection issues (48.27%) and hormonal imbalances (40.57%), respectively. Additionally, 46.34% of couples reported stress and anxiety, and 14.16% had a history of assisted reproductive technology. Furthermore, 18.3% of couples had a family history of infertility, with 77.27% of those affected being infertile females. Infertile couples were also assessed based on potential risk factors, including age difference, age at menarche, occupation, smoking, and BMI. These findings may aid in identifying the factors contributing to infertility among the population.

Nutrition factors related to menstrual cycle among girls: a study in a high school in Sidoarjo, Indonesia

Introduction: Irregular menstrual cycle is one indicator of reproductive health disorders. Nutritional status and behaviour are risk factors for menstrual cycle irregularities. This study aimed to analyse the correlation between nutritional status and behaviour with the menstrual cycle in adolescent girls. Methods: This research was a cross sectional study with 73 students from High School Sidoarjo, Indonesia as respondents. Nutritional status of respondents was obtained from anthropometric measurements, food intake with three times 24 hours food records, body image with MBSRQ-AS questionnaire, and physical activity was collected from the IPAQ questionnaire. Data were analysed using Spearman's test on SPSS 26.0. Results: The most common menstrual cycle problem experienced by respondents was oligomenorrhea (8.2%). The majority of respondents had good nutritional status based on BMI/A (67.1%) while 50.7% of respondents had a risk of chronic energy deficiency. The majority of respondents had intake less than needed. As much as 82.2% of respondents had moderate physical activity, while the body image score of respondents showed that 72.6% of respondents had a positive body image. The p-value in the correlation test was <0.05 in each variable. Menstrual cycles had the strongest correlation with nutritional status.  Conclusion: Nutritional status and behaviour factors are related to the menstrual cycle in adolescent girls. Health promotion regarding reproductive health and nutrition in adolescent girls can be further improved, considering that the menstrual cycles may have an impact on fertility in the future.

Relevance of augmented kisspeptin signaling through H364 KISS1R in central precocious puberty

Understanding the pathophysiology of idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) is essential, in view of its consequences on reproductive health and metabolic disorders in later life. Towards this, estimation of circulating levels of the neuropeptides, viz; Kisspeptin (Kp-10), Neurokinin B (NKB) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY), acting upstream to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), has shown promise. Insights can also be gained from functional studies on genetic variations implicated in ICPP. This study investigated the pathophysiology of ICPP in a girl by exploring the therapeutic relevance of the circulating levels of Kp-10, NKB, NPY and characterizing the nonsynonymous KISS1R variant, L364H, that she harbours, in a homozygous condition. Plasma levels of Kp-10, NKB and NPY before and after GnRH analog (GnRHa) treatment, were determined by ELISA. It was observed that GnRHa treatment resulted in suppression of circulating levels of Kp-10, NKB and NPY. Further, the H364 variant in KISS1R was generated by site directed mutagenesis. Post transient transfection of either L364 or H364 KISS1R variant in CHO cells, receptor expression was ascertained by western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Kp-10 stimulated signalling response was also determined by phospho-ERK and inositol phosphate production. Structure-function studies revealed that, although the receptor expression in H364 KISS1R was comparable to L364 KISS1R, there was an enhanced signalling response through this variant at high doses of Kp-10. Thus, elevated levels of Kp-10, acting through H364 KISS1R, contributed to the manifestation of ICPP, providing further evidence that dysregulation of Kp-10/KISS1R axis impacts the onset of puberty.

TREATMENT OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS WITH DISORDER OF MENSTRUAL FUNCTION DUE TO OBESITY

Introduction. Normalization of menstrual function in adolescent girls is a prevention of reproductive health disorders in the future, which determines the need for new methods of therapy.Aim of the study. To normalize the menstrual cycle and reduce body weight in adolescent girls with menstrual dysfunction andobesity of various degrees by developing an eff ective and advanced treatment complex.Materials and methods. Two groups were formed: the control group – 31 healthy teenage girls and the main group – 79 teenage girls with menstrual disorders and obesity, divided into two subgroups: I – 44, who received the treatment developed by us, II – 35, who received the traditional, generally accepted therapy.Research methods: general clinical, gynecological, ultrasound. Statistical analysis according to generally accepted methods of variational statistics. Approval of the scientifi c work was obtained from the Bioethics Committee of the Bukovyna State Medical University (Ukraine). The work is a fragment of the research work «Prevention, diagnostics and treatment of disorders of perinatal period and reproductive system of women and adolescent girls» (201110Н, state registration number 0111U006499).Research results. The proposed treatment leads to a signifi cant decrease in body mass index regardless of the degree of obesity, glucose in the second degree from 4.86 ± 0.43 mmol/l to 4.65 ± 1.1 mmol/l (р ˂ 0.05) and in the third degree from 5. 81 ± 0.12 mmol/l to 4.93 ± 0.7 mmol/l (р ˂ 0.05), establishing a regular menstrual cycle in 90.3% with oligomenorrhea for less than two years and 79.3% for more than two years, with traditional therapy – 78.0%, 58.9% (р ˂ 0.05).Conclusions. The improved treatment complex leads to normalization of the menstrual cycle in 90.3%, reduction of body weightand prevention of polycystic ovary syndrome.

The influence of harmful occupational physical factors on the male workers’ reproductive health (analytical review)

This paper provides a review of the literature for the analysis and assessment of the occupational risk of reproductive health disorders of male workers under the influence of harmful physical factors of production.
 To assess the risk of exposure to harmful industrial physical factors on the reproductive health of male workers, the authors have applied the method of analytical review of the data obtained.
 Literature data show that the work of men in conditions of both high and low temperatures can lead to a violation of reproductive function. In the bakery, ceramic, steel, welding and other industries, working conditions are characterized by the presence of hyperthermia. Researchers have identified a violation of reproductive function in male workers, along with changes in the physiological parameters of the body's homeostasis.
 There are few studies on the effects of noise and vibration on the reproductive health of working men, and there are few studies on the effects of ultra- and infrasound. The consequences of such exposure are disorders of hormonal status, spermatogenesis, leading to further changes in reproductive function, impotence and infertility. Scientists confirm these data with experimental studies on animals and volunteers.
 Exposure to ionizing radiation is a proven factor of reproductive dysfunction, which leads to changes in the quantity and quality of sperm, reproductive hormones. The consequence of exposure to ionizing radiation are chromosomal abnormalities, leading to congenital anomalies in offspring.
 It has been shown that the biological effect of electromagnetic fields of various frequency ranges (cell phones, microwave ovens, laptops, devices with Wi-Fi, as well as other types of non–ionizing radiation — low-frequency electromagnetic fields and extremely high-frequency) on reproductive organs can manifest itself in changes in spermatogenesis indicators, DNA damage, genomic instability, hormonal regulation and work disorders protein kinases, hormones, antioxidant enzymes, leading to disorders of sexual behavior, decreased fertility, up to infertility.
 The presented data show that harmful occupational physical factors can lead to violations of the reproductive health of male workers. Currently, there is no systematic approach to solving the problem. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a scientifically sound system for assessing occupational risk and making managerial decisions to preserve reproductive health, since a decrease in the fertility of male workers potentially affects the well-being of the family and society as a whole.

PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN SANTRIWATI DALAM MENJAGA KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI WANITA

Al-Husna Islamic Boarding School, Bogor Regency, which consists of young women (santriwati) with limited health service infrastructure, there has never been a visit by local health workers who provide counseling on women's reproductive health, toilet cleanliness, food intake, hygiene behavior, and problems with femininity that are often experienced by female students. These factors in the future will become an accumulation (time bomb) of disturbances in the reproductive organs, physically and mentally in female students. The community service activity was themed "Fostering Healthy Santriwati at the Al-Husna Islamic Boarding School, Bogor Regency. The purpose of providing guidance on women's reproductive health is to increase knowledge and skills in early detection of reproductive health disorders and the practice of breast self-examination in an effort to detect early breast cancer in female students. Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR) uses community service methods with health education techniques, the practice of early detection of SADARI and early symptoms of reproductive health disorders, and the distribution of pre- and post-test questionnaires as a measure of Santriwati's understanding. The results show an increase in knowledge after being given counseling and guidance on women's reproductive health. It is hoped that Santriwati will consistently carry out early detection of BSE, recognize early symptoms of reproductive health disorders, and promote good personal hygiene to improve health

SISTEM PAKAR DIAGNOSA PENYAKIT PADA DOMBA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE FUZZY MAMDANI

Abstract—The decreasing sheep population has raised serious concerns regarding its impact on both the livestock industry and export opportunities. One of the main factors contributing to this decline is the prevalence of diseases among sheep. These illnesses present a significant problem as they can lead to reduced meat production, animal fatalities, and economic losses. The limited knowledge among farmers regarding these diseases and sheep care makes it challenging to diagnose and treat the conditions effectively. To address this issue and aid farmers in easily diagnosing diseases, a web-based expert system utilizing the fuzzy Mamdani method was developed. The selection of the fuzzy Mamdani method was based on its ability to handle uncertainty in disease diagnosis, providing reasonably accurate results by evaluating symptoms, determining disease severity, and recommending appropriate treatments. Through the fuzzy Mamdani method and the web-based platform, this system offers convenient access for farmers to diagnose diseases in their sheep online. According to the analysis results, reproductive health disorders are the primary cause of the decline in the sheep population. Consequently, the expert system for diagnosing sheep diseases serves as an alternative for early prevention and suitable treatment. System testing indicates an accuracy rate of 80%, signifying the system's capability to provide reasonably accurate diagnoses. The main goal of this research is to support the livestock and fisheries department in Purwakarta in diagnosing sheep diseases, preventing epidemic outbreaks, and implementing proper measures to mitigate the negative impacts on the livestock industry while promoting sustainable growth of the sheep population

A Century of Vitamin E: Early Milestones and Future Directions in Animal Nutrition

Vitamin E, consisting of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, with α-tocopherol as the most biologically active form, has a significant history in scientific research. It was first identified in the 1920s for its role in preventing neonatal mortality in rats. Over time, its chemical structure was elucidated, and its importance in the immune system, skin health, anti-inflammatory properties, and hormonal balance was revealed. Vitamin E production has evolved from natural sourcing to efficient synthesis with standardized potency units. Initially, animal studies focused on reproductive health and growth disorders, but later research highlighted vitamin E’s role in preventing encephalomalacia in domestic fowl and muscular dystrophy in various animals. Today, vitamin E is commonly used as a feed additive to enhance animal health and immune function. Despite substantial knowledge about its role in animal nutrition, several questions remain unanswered. Current research seeks to determine optimal supplementation levels, interactions with other nutrients, impacts on gene expression, cell signaling, and communication, as well as the effects of high dosages in livestock. Vitamin E continues to be a crucial component in improving animal health, and ongoing research aims to uncover its benefits and mechanisms of action further.

ЛЕКАРСТВЕННО-ИНДУЦИРОВАННАЯ ГИПЕРПРОЛАКТИНЕМИЯ В ПРАКТИКЕ ИНТЕРНИСТА

Hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) is one of the most common neuroendocrine syndromes which can be either a manifestation of an independent disease (pituitary tumors) or a syndrome that accompanies a number of other diseases of the hypothalamic-pituitary zone, endocrine diseases, pathology of internal organs, lesions of the central nervous system, and can also be iatrogenic (drug-induced HPRL). HPRL is more common in women but can also occur in men with various reproductive and sexual health disorders. Many drugs can cause HPRL. In order to establish the frequency of occurrence of this problem in the clinical practice of an internist, an analysis of the literature was carried out. Articles related to HPRL induced by specific types of drugs were reviewed. This review presents the current views of domestic and foreign authors on the causes and mechanisms of development of HPRL.

Occupational risk factors impact on the reproductive system of female flight attendants in civil aviation (literature review)

The review article discusses the issues of studying occupational factors on the reproductive health of female flight attendants. The purpose of the study is to identify a correlation between reproductive health disorders of flight attendants and flight factors. Literature data from the Fundamental Library of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov, online sci-hub library «CyberLeninka», e-library and PubMed was analyzed and systematized. Such professional factors as: ionizing radiation, physical stress in flight, work in a plantigrade position, disturbance of the regime of working, resting time and eating patterns, constant change of climatic zones, desynchronosis, – were identified. An analysis of the literature has shown that a number of issues related to flight factors and women's health remain poorly understood. It is advisable to study in detail the flight factors: vibration, noise, acceleration, hypoxia, pressure drops, and their impact on the reproductive system of female specialists working in aviation.

Incidence and risk factors for postpartum mood and anxiety disorders among women veterans

BackgroundOur aim was to determine rates of postpartum mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) among U.S. women Veterans and the overlap among PMADs. We further sought to identify PMAD risk factors, including those unique to military service. MethodsA national sample of women Veterans completed a computer-assisted telephone interview (N = 1414). Eligible participants were aged 20–45 and had separated from service within the last 10 years. Self-report measures included demographics, general health, reproductive health, military exposures, sexual assault, childhood trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The PMADs of interest were postpartum depression (PPD), postpartum anxiety (PPA) and postpartum PTSD (PPPTSD). This analysis included 1039 women Veterans who had ever been pregnant and who answered questions about PPMDs related to their most recent pregnancy. ResultsA third (340/1039, 32.7%) of participants were diagnosed with at least one PMAD and one-fifth (215/1039, 20.7%) with two or more. Risk factors common for developing a PMAD included: a mental health diagnosis prior to pregnancy, a self-report of ever having had a traumatic birth experience, and most recent pregnancy occurring during military service. Additional risk factors were found for PPD and PPPTSD. ConclusionWomen Veterans may be at an increased risk for developing PMADs due to high rates of lifetime sexual assault, mental health disorders, and military-specific factors including giving birth during military service and military combat deployment exposures.

Bisphenols as promoters of the dysregulation of cellular junction proteins of the blood-testis barrier in experimental animals: A systematic review of the literature.

Daily, people are exposed to chemicals and environmental compounds such as bisphenols (BPs). These substances are present in more than 80% of human fluids. Human exposure to BPs is associated with male reproductive health disorders. Some of the main targets of BPs are intercellular junction proteins of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in Sertoli cells because BPs alter the expression or induce aberrant localization of these proteins. In this systematic review, we explore the effects of BP exposure on the expression of BTB junction proteins and the characteristics of in vivo studies to identify potential gaps and priorities for future research. To this end, we conducted a systematic review of articles. Thirteen studies met our inclusion criteria. In most studies, animals treated with bisphenol-A (BPA) showed decreased occludin expression at all tested doses. However, bisphenol-AF treatment did not alter occludin expression. Cx43, ZO-1, β-catenin, nectin-3, cortactin, paladin, and claudin-11 expression also decreased in some tested doses of BP, while N-cadherin and FAK expression increased. BP treatment did not alter the expression of α and γ catenin, E-cadherin, JAM-A, and Arp 3. However, the expression of all these proteins was altered when BPA was administered to neonatal rodents in microgram doses. The results show significant heterogeneity between studies. Thus, it is necessary to perform more research to characterize the changes in BTB protein expression induced by BPs in animals to highlight future research directions that can inform the evaluation of risk of toxicity in humans.

The role of metabolic syndrome in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence

The review article presents an analysis of the metabolic syndrome problem in children and adolescents, its role in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in accordance with the latest International guidelines and modern literature. The urgency of the problem lies in the rapid spread of overweight among children in the world and, consequently, the growth of alimentary-dependent pathology. One of the major consequences of weight problems is metabolic syndrome (MS). There are still no clear MS criteria for children and adolescents. IDF suggests using IDF criteria for adults. Priority in the pathogenesis of MS is given to insulin resistance (IR), which is associated with puberty. The problem of IR assessment remains. HOMA-IR and QUICKI methods are not considered reliable tests to determine IR, so the assessment is based on clinical signs (hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, hypertension). Obesity and IR can be predictors of PCOS, which can often be associated with puberty. Pathological signs of the syndrome typical for adults in adolescence may be a manifestation of the physiological course of puberty. Obligative criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescence are irregular menstruation/oligomenorrhea, proven biochemically and clinically hyperandrogenemia). First-line therapy for PCOS in adolescents with MS is weight loss and dosed exercise, which helps to normalize a hormonal balance. Drug treatment may include insulin-sensitizing drugs (metformin), antiandrogens (spironlactone, flutamide, cyproterone acetate), 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (finasteride), combined oral contraceptives, inositol. Prevention of overweight, obesity in children can prevent the development of IR and, accordingly, associated MS and PCOS, reproductive health disorders. Prevention measures are aimed at avoiding maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, malnutrition and smoking during pregnancy, promoting breastfeeding and physical activity.

Improvement of diagnostic methods of reproductive health disorders in women of early reproductive age with sexual dysfunction and hypoandrogenism

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a global health problem. This is a multifaceted problem that requires the coordinated interaction of many neurotransmitters and hormones, both central and peripheral. In young women with reproductive health problems, the first clinical signs of future imbalances manifest in adolescence. Disruption of adaptation mechanisms at this age leads to the activation of polymorphic genes, resulting in the multifunctional disorders of women’s health in the future. In particular, the role of vitamin D deficiency as a trigger in the formation of many immune‑hormonal imbalances is noted, including formation of methionine metabolism disorders and the accumulation of excess homocysteine in cells. Therefore, improving methods of diagnosing reproductive health disorders in women of early reproductive age with sexual dysfunction and hypoandrogenism can be considered as a method of preventing the formation of conditions in them for future fertility disorders, decreased ovarian reserve, and infertility.
 Objective — to improve methods to diagnose the reproductive health disorders in women of early reproductive age with sexual dysfunction and hypoandrogenism.
 Materials and methods. The research included 20 women of early reproductive age with symptoms of FSD and hypoandrogenism (group I) and 20 healthy women (group II). The hormonal reproductive background was determined on the 5—7th day of the menstrual cycle in all examined women, including levels of thyroid‑stimulating hormone (TSH), antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO‑Ab), vitamin D, homocysteine. IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0 software was used for statistical processing of the obtained data.
 Results. Vitamin D deficiency significantly raised the probability of decreased levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) (R2=0.705; p<0.001), estradiol (R2=0.320; p=0.022), free testosterone (R2=0.419; p=0.007), dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA‑S) (R2=0.697; p<0.001) and increased levels of prolactin (R2=0.691; p<0.001), 17‑OP (R2=0.748; p<0.001). Hyperhomocysteinemia did not significantly affected the changes in the levels of these hormones (p>0.05), but significantly increases the probability of decreased FSH levels (R2=0.376; p=0.012). Moreover, it was established that high TSH levels increased the probability of elevation homocysteine rates (R2=0.561; p=0.001) and decreased levels of reproductive hormones: FSH (R2=0.357; p=0.014), LH (R2=0.626; p<0.001), estradiol (R2=0.451; p=0.004), free testosterone (R2=0.587; p=0.001) and DHEA‑S (R2=0.661; p<0.001). The increased TPO‑Ab levels can serve as a significant predictor of the increased prolactin levels (R2=0.675; p<0.001).
 Conclusions. Optimization of the medical care to women with FSD should include early diagnosis of vitamin D status and evaluation of homocysteine levels. Determination of women’s hormonal background should include assessments of the levels of TSH and antibodies to thyroperoxidase. An endocrinologist’s consultation is required in case of the reveal of thyroid gland disorders. The assessments of polymorphism of folate‑methionine cycle genes and thrombophilia should be performed in case of high levels of homocysteine.

Physiological status of reproductive age girls under conditions of technogenic impact in the Kola North

BACKGROUND: An investigation to determine the reproductive health disorders commonly found in adolescent females residing in the North peninsula of Kola, Russia. Insubstantial studies on the physiological status of the reproductive aged females living in a territory that has become highly polluted due to the dust particles of apatite-nepheline ore, determines the relevance of this study and involves the identification of indicators of premorbid state.
 AIM: To examine the physiological status of reproductive aged females living under chronic stress condition caused by exposure to both anthropogenic as well as Arctic environment with an objective to reveal possible pre-nosological deviations as indicators of premorbid state.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted an observational, longitudinal analytic "3 waves panel study (2019, 2020, 2021) involving 54 female students 1620 years old from medical college in the city of Apatity, Russia. Physiological status was assessed in accordance with the content of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system hormones, metabolites of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant protection, vitamin D, lipids, and carbohydrates using percentile distribution of indicator values. Significance of the differences was determined by comparative analysis of two dependent variables using the Wilcoxon criterion.
 RESULTS: Deviations from the optimal values of physiological state indicators were revealed in more than 25% of the females, which manifested themselves in increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, thyrotropic hormone, and depleting secretion of somatotropic hormone, thyroxine with reduced content of antioxidant protection enzymes. In 95% of females, hypovitaminosis of vitamin D was detected whereas 50% of females were found with diminished values of low-density lipoproteins.
 CONCLUSION: Pre-nosological deviations of the physiological status in the conditions of technogenic pollution testify to the oppression of the bodys protective systems and are predictors of morbidity and are subject to individual correction.